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1). Explain the difference between row-based and columnar storage formats, and how Parquet leverages columnar storage.?
A) Row-based stores data row by row, while columnar stores data by column. Parquet is columnar.
B) Row-based is faster for writes, columnar is faster for reads. Parquet is a hybrid.
C) Row-based is better for OLTP, columnar is better for OLAP. Parquet is optimized for OLAP.
D) All of the above.
2). Describe the Parquet file format structure, including row groups, page, and dictionary encoding.?
A) Row groups contain multiple pages, pages store data, dictionary encoding compresses data.
B) Row groups are for compression, pages for encoding, dictionary for indexing.
C) Row groups are for partitioning, pages for sorting, dictionary for deduplication.
D) None of the above.
3). How does Parquet handle null values and data types??
A) Null values are stored explicitly, supports a wide range of data types.
B) Null values are omitted, limited data type support.
C) Null values are replaced with default values, flexible data types.
D) Null values are stored as a special value, supports basic data types.
4). What are the trade-offs between Parquet, ORC, and Avro formats??
A) Parquet is best for complex schemas, ORC for performance, Avro for simplicity.
B) Parquet is for data warehousing, ORC for real-time analytics, Avro for data exchange.
C) Parquet is widely adopted, ORC is newer, Avro is older.
D) There are no significant differences.
5). How can you optimize Parquet file performance for analytics workloads??
A) Increasing compression ratio, reducing file size.
B) Partitioning data based on query patterns.
C) Using column pruning to reduce data scanned.
D) All of the above.
6). Explain the concept of Parquet schema evolution and its implications.?
A) Adding or removing columns without affecting existing data.
B) Changing data types without recompacting files.
C) Both a and b.
D) Neither a nor b.
7). How can you handle large Parquet files efficiently for processing??
A) Using distributed file systems like HDFS or S3.
B) Splitting files into smaller partitions.
C) Using columnar processing engines like Apache Spark.
D) All of the above.
8). What are the challenges of using Parquet for real-time data processing??
A) High latency due to file format overhead.
B) Difficulty in updating existing Parquet files.
C) Limited support for real-time analytics frameworks.
D) All of the above.
9). How can you ensure data quality and consistency when working with Parquet files??
A) Using data validation and schema enforcement.
B) Implementing data quality checks during ingestion.
C) Using version control for Parquet files.
D) All of the above.
10). What is the role of compression codecs in Parquet file performance??
A) Different codecs have varying compression ratios and performance characteristics.
B) Choosing the right codec depends on data characteristics.
C) Compression can significantly impact query performance.
D) All of the above.
11). How can you optimize Parquet file storage for cloud environments like AWS S3??
A) Using S3 Intelligent-Tiering for cost optimization.
B) Compressing Parquet files before uploading to S3.
C) Partitioning Parquet files based on access patterns.
D) All of the above.
12). What are the potential performance implications of using Parquet files for ad-hoc queries??
A) Parquet can be slow for ad-hoc queries due to columnar storage.
B) Using appropriate partitioning and indexing can improve performance.
C) Compression can impact query performance.
D) All of the above.
13). How can you integrate Parquet with machine learning pipelines??
A) Using frameworks like Spark MLlib or TensorFlow.
B) Converting Parquet to other formats for machine learning tools.
C) Directly loading Parquet data into machine learning models.
D) All of the above.
14). What are the future trends and developments in Parquet file format??
A) Improved compression algorithms and encoding schemes.
B) Support for more complex data structures and schema evolution.
C) Integration with cloud-native data processing platforms.
D) All of the above.
15). How can you ensure data quality and consistency when ingesting data into Parquet files??
A) Data validation and cleaning before ingestion.
B) Schema enforcement during ingestion.
C) Using data profiling and quality checks.
D) All of the above.
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